Dr. Partha S Mohapatra
(Originally written in March, 2010)
(Originally written in March, 2010)
The cabinet yesterday
gave its nod to the “Foreign Universities Bill”. I first read the report on
Wall Street Journal about the Indian Governments’ intention to open up the higher
education sector to foreign universities [Delhi Seeks to Admit Foreign
Universities, Wall Street Journal
June 11, 2009]. Subsequently,
I read similar reports in other newspapers. Most of these reports make a
compelling story to allow foreign universities to operate in India. The main
argument that is made is on following premises:
i)
It will save India about $4 billion in foreign exchange [“Leading foreign
institutes may soon be here” Economic Times , 11 Sep 2006”].
ii)
India loses because of brain drain when brilliant people go abroad and study
and stay there.
iii) We
need foreign investments because the government does not have money needed to
invest in higher education and private sector is unwilling to invest in
education
iv) Top ranking
universities will come to India
v)
Research will increase in various disciplines, and we will
have more Noble Prize winners!!
However, I differ from these reports because these arguments are not looking at higher education in a holistic
way, but instead are based on bits and pieces of data and information. My
contention is that, unless, we globalize education with
restraints,
the objectives stated above may not be fulfilled.
Economic
benefits: The argument that India will save $4 billion
dollars looks into the “outflow”
of dollars because of students going abroad. We don't have information about how many
students are taking loans and repaying it, and how many are getting full
scholarships to study abroad. If we do an analysis of educational loans, we
would learn that many banks have been giving loans of Rs. 15 lacs or more to study abroad. Most of these loans are repaid,
and they are repaid when the
student is working in the foreign country. Thus, a sizeable amount “inflows” back as loan and interest
repayment. There is another important “inflow” because of students going
abroad. India
topped the remittances from foreign countries in year 2008 [“Ministry Seeks
safety net for NRI workers”, The Economic Times, 29th
July, 2009.]. A total of $43.5 billion was sent to India from foreign countries
by Indians staying in foreign countries. This constitutes about 3.3% of out
total GDP. Out of this the total remittances coming from gulf countries (where
most of it come from skilled laborers), is about $18 billion. The rest of it
comes from countries like US and UK. That amounts to $25.5 billion
dollars. Why is that Indian remittances were comparable to that of Mexico
($26 billions), which has higher number of emigrants outside Mexico? The reason
is simple: Indians enter into higher education in developed countries like USA,
and then stay there to work in white collar professions. Then, they remit
back to India generously. If proper economic analysis is made, I am sure that India
gets more ' inflow” because of the 'outflow' of $4billion that is spent by Indians abroad!!
Put as a simple
inequation:
(Annual Remittances
from foreign educated students) plus (Annual scholarships earned) plus
(Annual Loans and Interests paid back) >>
$4Billion spent by Indians to study abroad
Brain
Drain of top-notch researches (and employment): Allowing students to study in foreign
universities in India cannot stop Brain drain. Only
providing appropriate opportunities in India to talented researchers can stop
brain drain. Researchers want
adequate facilities, and adequate funding to do research, so that they can
publish their findings in top journals like Nature and Science. Most health related research in US universities
are heavily funded by NIH (National Institute of Health). Professors from Johns
Hopkins University, Harvard etc. get billions of dollars as grants from
government Institutions like NIH. So, Indian government has to realize the
importance of funding basic research. If the same level of funding is available
to existing IISc, IITs, or AIIMs, we can sure make an equal impact and we can
stop the brain drain. Until then, allowing foreign universities without
research funding cannot stop brain drain. There are many
researchers who have given up money, and stayed in premier Institutions like
IISc., and IIMs because they love India and are happy with the research
opportunities provided. Unfortunately, the government by not giving
enough autonomy to these institutions, is encouraging brain drain and
restricting reverse brain drain. If brain drain can be stopped by having Indians study in India, then why
do we have so many Indians who got Masters and PhDs in
India, working in reputed labs in US and UK? Do you think Dr. Venkataraman
Ramakrishnan (Nobel Prize Winner
2009) will move to India when UC-San Diego starts a Masters program in Delhi??
Large
Investments required for higher education only in certain areas : Most of the universities that have shown
interest, want to start courses that have minimal requirement for
infrastructure? For example, Duke university has shown interest to start the
MBA program in India. Similarly, Schulich School of Business, New Castle
Business School, International Management Institute-Europe, Ohio University-Business
School, Merit Swiss Asian School of Hotel Management [ see “Foreign Education
Bill may get Cabinet nod this week,” Business
Standard, September 15, 2009] are interested in setting up a campus in
Mumbai. What is the cost of starting a MBA or Hotel management program? Very
little. As compared to that, starting courses in basic sciences, core
engineering (like Material Science), and Medical and health education would require large
investments. In the last few years, we have found that given the right autonomy and opportunity,
we can gather enough funds for an International MBA School like Indian School
of Business. Why do we then need
foreign investments in these areas? However, we do need foreign investments in critical areas like
Medical and Health Education, Biochemistry, and Basic Sciences education. We also lack enough expertise in these critical areas. Are foreign universities willing
to start these courses in India? Can we have Johns Hopkins Medical School or Harvard
Medical School in India?
Why not
the Chinese Model?: Why is that China has few foreign
universities? China is doing economically much better than India, and still
hasn’t allowed foreign universities in China, the way Indian government is
planning to do. The world-class Chinese universities (like Peking
University) that have improved their international ranking in the last decade
are home grown universities. China, has even allowed private Chinese
universities to be set up. But, it is still cagey about allowing foreign
universities, and the few it has done has been under strict supervision. China
itself has become a destination country for international students (see article
“Canada and China Discuss Growing Opportunities for Education Ties,” The Chronicle
of Higher Education, Nov 8-2009), and there are about 13,000 students from US studying in China. China is also trying to
reverse brain drain by attracting top talent to its local universities giving
them facilities and infrastructure needed for their research. Thus, it has been
able to attract Nobel Prize winning physicists, economists, and top-researchers
are being attracted to join the Chinese universities (see China: Attract Talent
First, and Outstanding Universities Will Follow,” The Chronicle of Higher
Education, Oct 5-2009). Instead of allowing foreign universities, China
decided to infuse billions of dollars into its local universities. Under a
project called 985 project, they provided about 125 million USD to each of the
ten leading Chinese universities to attract outstanding researchers and build
cutting-edge research centers. In 2004 this project was extended to 30
universities. The results of this infusion and futuristic approach is now
visible.
Singapore has allowed foreign universities,
but allows them after stringent scrutiny (case to case basis). Johns Hopkins,
the number one medical school in USA was allowed to operate a biomedical
research facility in Singapore. However, the Singapore govt. decided to
close it because it did not meet research and educational goals[“Johns Hopkins'
Singapore center to close,” Boston Globe,
July 25, 2006]. Can we implement such stringent standards for the foreign
universities that we are trying to attract? More important, the home-grown
universities in Singapore have proven to be better (e.g. National University of
Singapore and Nanyang University) because they were allowed autonomy at par
with foreign universities. One of these successful collaboration model is
the Singapore-MIT Alliance for Research and Technology. Several hundred
Professors, post-doctoral scholars, and students from MIT and Singapore sit
within the campus of National University of Singapore, and tackled infectious
diseases, environmental modeling, and biomedical research [see Singapore:
Teaming with Foreign universities for Innovation, The Chronicle of Higher
Education, Oct 9-2009]. However, in a recent volte-face, the Indian government has said that “
foreign institutes coming here would be considered on par with private unaided
universities” [ “Foreign university education in India to be cheaper,” Times of India, September 13, 2009.].
This would mean that universities like Phoenix Online, Sullivan University,
Goucher College, Sojourner-Douglass College and many low quality universities
will set shop in India to churn money ( and the government will facilitate
their setups!!). Recent reports
suggest that universities like Harvard, Cambridge, George Washington
University, have decided against setting up campuses in India (US Colleges say
no for setting up campuses in India, Siliconindia.com
13 January 2010).
Liberalization
before Globalization, Level playing field: We have reputed universities like IIMs/IITs. The government has taken
the right decision in starting a few more. However, more important
is that we should allow new private universities and give them same autonomy &
freedom that the foreign universities are seeking. We need to allow these
universities to grow, and be able compete internationally. We have seen that
given the right environment, Indian universities can compete globally. One
prime example is the Indian School of Business at Hyderabad. Within a span of
less than a decade, the school became a top-20 school globally as per Financial
Times report. We need to provide more autonomy to IIMs and IITs.
Recently, the IIM-A director Dr. Sameer Barua, expressed concern about the lack
of autonomy provided to IIMs and IITs. Let these Institutes decide on the
faculty salaries, infrastructure, and courses. Why stifle them, and then allow the
foreign universities in to 'gulp'
them? Let the playing field be level before you allow foreign universities to
India. By allowing foreign universities at this juncture, (when our
economy is better than a decade back), we are also stifling our ability to have
world-class university like Harvard or MIT of our own. How fair is it to allow foreign universities to
have no reservation and stifle our
universities with reservation quotas?
Why
governments in US, UK are now pushing for opening up the higher education
sector : Each year about 90,000-100,000 students go to US
only, and many of them decide to stay there. US and UK governments are facing
flak because of high immigration which is increasing their population and
straining their infrastructure. Recent measures by these governments show
that, these countries are trying to curb immigration from countries like India.
UK for example is reviewing the
student visa system which will make rules stricter for overseas students. The
new points based system would ensure that only top brains from countries like
India are allowed to stay in UK. However, universities in
US and UK need Indian students to
survive. The only way to have “best of both worlds.” is to
set up their own campuses in India, conduct their profitable courses, and rake
in the dollars converted from rupees!!
I have strong reservations about allowing
foreign universities at a point when economy is gaining steam, when we are
gaining the ability to invest in higher education, when our local universities
are propping up their heads, and when private players are willing to invest in
higher education. However, if for some reasons, foreign universities are
allowed, I suggest the following steps be undertaken before allowing foreign
universities to operate in India.
1.
A commission made of economists, sociologists, and educationists should be set
up to do a study of how foreign universities impacted countries like Singapore.
They should also study how these countries made sure that only quality universities
are allowed. The economic impact needs to be studied in terms of remittances
and employability of these educated students.
2.
Programs, that require huge investments, but are strategic, should be given
more priority. For example, programs in Biotechnology, Medical Sciences, Core
Sciences, and Engineering would require much more investment and hence these
programs should be given priority. Universities like Johns Hopkins, UCLA, and
others who are more competent in these fields should be first invited to open
their campuses in India. Similarly, programs in which India has less competence
(like Transportation Engineering) should be given priority too.
3. Unfortunately, reputed universities like
Harvard, Yale and Cambridge have already refused to come to India (US Colleges
say no for setting up campuses in India, Siliconindia.com
13 January 2010). However, we should allow only programs
that are only accredited by International standards be allowed to operate in
India. If we are demanding foreign universities because of their
international quality, then the accreditation must be also from international
bodies that are recognized globally. For example, if Duke is allowed top open a
campus to start MBA program in India, then the MBA program of Duke (in nIndia) has to get AASCB
International accreditation (http://www.aacsb.edu
) or The European Quality Improvement System (EQUIS). AASCB International
accreditation and EQUIS are very stringent. Similarly, for Engineering you have
ABET (http://www.abet.org/). If a university
is being allowed to operate as a whole (with multiple programs), they should be
allowed only when their respective Association of Universities recognizes them.
For example, Association of American Universities recognizes only 34 Public
universities, and 26 Private universities. In order to get these
accreditation, the university programs needs to have good infrastructure,
a minimum number of PhD faculty, should have a suitable course assessment tool,
and have minimal number of research publications in peer reviewed journals.
This will automatically improve the quality of programs. This will also block
many universities which do not have accredited program on their own to start
these programs in India. The commission can decide which International
accreditation they have to comply with.
4.
Allow students to complete the program in respective home campuses of the
foreign universities, and get exactly
the same degree in the parent university. For example, if Hopkins provides
the Masters in Public Health (M.PH) program in India. Students should be
able to go to Hopkins campus in Baltimore, and finish the same program there
and get the same degree. However, beware that they are not giving another
degree like Global M.PH.
5.
There should be strong emphasis on research in these universities. The
commitment to do active research in frontier areas should be obtained from
these universities before allowing them to operate in India. There should be a
minimum research expenditure made by the foreign university operating in India.
For example, a small university like Iowa State University spends $60 million a
year in US, and we would like similar research investment commitment from
universities willing to come to India. Universities like Duke, INSEAD are
required to have a certain number of PhD students, and faculty with high
research credentials to operate in Singapore campus.
6.
The best approach is to make a case-by-case decision, on whether the particular
university will be allowed to operate in India. Whichever body makes the
decision to allow a particular university to operate in India, should adhere to
the above-mentioned policies and should be accountable.
_________
Note from Srijat:
1. For more about Partha pls go to: http://www.zu.ac.ae/main/en/colleges/colleges/college_business/faculty_staff/_profiles/Partha%20Mohapatra.aspx.
2. He had written this article when he was with the University of Maryland-University College
3. The argument in this article is as relevant today as it was when it was first written, even though the article is somewhat dated.
Happy reading!!
2. He had written this article when he was with the University of Maryland-University College
3. The argument in this article is as relevant today as it was when it was first written, even though the article is somewhat dated.
Happy reading!!
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